The X-rays reflect off atomic planes in the crystal that are a distance d apart. It is reflected off the atoms of the crystal with the same angle θ. A beam of X-rays contacts a crystal with an angle of incidence θ. The atomic planes of the crystal act on the X-rays in exactly the same manner as does a uniformly ruled diffraction grating on a beam of light. X-ray diffraction, phenomenon in which the atoms of a crystal, by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of the waves present in an incident beam of X-rays.
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